SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.company_id = 1 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 1912 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    64941, 62258, 60732, 60733, 60737, 64621, 
    61385, 64942, 60751, 60735, 64943, 
    64339, 63128, 60738, 62671, 64340, 
    61386, 64620, 64815, 65519, 65568, 
    65851, 65870, 65875
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00102

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "pt"],
      "key": "pt",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
      "rows": 86,
      "filtered": 100,
      "attached_condition": "cscart_products_categories.product_id in (64941,62258,60732,60733,60737,64621,61385,64942,60751,60735,64943,64339,63128,60738,62671,64340,61386,64620,64815,65519,65568,65851,65870,65875)",
      "using_index": true
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "product_position_source",
      "access_type": "eq_ref",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "pt"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "6",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id", "product_id"],
      "ref": ["const", "cscart_migrate.cscart_products_categories.product_id"],
      "rows": 1,
      "filtered": 100
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "eq_ref",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "c_status", "p_category_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
      "ref": ["cscart_migrate.cscart_products_categories.category_id"],
      "rows": 1,
      "filtered": 100,
      "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.company_id = 1 and (cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' or find_in_set(0,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids) or find_in_set(1,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids)) and cscart_categories.`status` in ('A','H')"
    }
  }
}

Result