SELECT 
  id_path 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  category_id IN (
    1595, 1603, 1608, 1609, 1851, 1856, 1929, 
    1934, 2001, 2009
  )

Query time 0.00040

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "p_category_id"],
      "key": "p_category_id",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
      "rows": 10,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.category_id in (1595,1603,1608,1609,1851,1856,1929,1934,2001,2009)"
    }
  }
}

Result