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SELECT 
  a.modifier, 
  a.modifier_type, 
  IF(
    shared_option_variants.variant_id IS NOT NULL, 
    shared_option_variants.modifier, 
    a.modifier
  ) as modifier, 
  IF(
    shared_option_variants.variant_id IS NOT NULL, 
    shared_option_variants.modifier_type, 
    a.modifier_type
  ) as modifier_type, 
  a.variant_id 
FROM 
  cscart_product_option_variants a 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_ult_product_option_variants shared_option_variants ON shared_option_variants.variant_id = a.variant_id 
  AND shared_option_variants.company_id = 1 
WHERE 
  1 
  AND a.variant_id IN (
    243034, 220140, 220172, 220192, 220193, 
    220198, 228501, 228505, 228497, 223765, 
    220285, 220287, 220288, 220289, 231044, 
    231069, 223755, 223760
  )

Query time 0.00050

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "shared_option_variants",
      "access_type": "system",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "company_id"],
      "rows": 0,
      "filtered": 0,
      "const_row_not_found": true
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "a",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["variant_id"],
      "rows": 18,
      "filtered": 100,
      "attached_condition": "a.variant_id in (243034,220140,220172,220192,220193,220198,228501,228505,228497,223765,220285,220287,220288,220289,231044,231069,223755,223760)"
    }
  }
}

Result

modifier	modifier_type	variant_id
0.000	A	220140
0.000	A	220172
0.000	A	220192
0.000	A	220193
0.000	A	220198
0.000	A	220285
0.000	A	220287
0.000	A	220288
0.000	A	220289
0.000	A	223755
0.000	A	223760
0.000	A	223765
0.000	A	228497
0.000	A	228501
0.000	A	228505
0.000	A	231044
0.000	A	231069
0.000	A	243034