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SELECT 
  a.modifier, 
  a.modifier_type, 
  IF(
    shared_option_variants.variant_id IS NOT NULL, 
    shared_option_variants.modifier, 
    a.modifier
  ) as modifier, 
  IF(
    shared_option_variants.variant_id IS NOT NULL, 
    shared_option_variants.modifier_type, 
    a.modifier_type
  ) as modifier_type, 
  a.variant_id 
FROM 
  cscart_product_option_variants a 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_ult_product_option_variants shared_option_variants ON shared_option_variants.variant_id = a.variant_id 
  AND shared_option_variants.company_id = 1 
WHERE 
  1 
  AND a.variant_id IN (
    240413, 233387, 228407, 233451, 220229, 
    220258, 220259, 220260, 240444, 220318
  )

Query time 0.00030

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "shared_option_variants",
      "access_type": "system",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "company_id"],
      "rows": 0,
      "filtered": 0,
      "const_row_not_found": true
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "a",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["variant_id"],
      "rows": 10,
      "filtered": 100,
      "attached_condition": "a.variant_id in (240413,233387,228407,233451,220229,220258,220259,220260,240444,220318)"
    }
  }
}

Result

modifier	modifier_type	variant_id
0.000	A	220229
0.000	A	220258
0.000	A	220259
0.000	A	220260
0.000	A	220318
0.000	A	228407
0.000	A	233387
0.000	A	233451
0.000	A	240413
0.000	A	240444